621 lines
31 KiB
ReStructuredText
621 lines
31 KiB
ReStructuredText
================
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Deployment Guide
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================
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-----------------------
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Hardware Considerations
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-----------------------
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Swift is designed to run on commodity hardware. At Rackspace, our storage
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servers are currently running fairly generic 4U servers with 24 2T SATA
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drives and 8 cores of processing power. RAID on the storage drives is not
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required and not recommended. Swift's disk usage pattern is the worst
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case possible for RAID, and performance degrades very quickly using RAID 5
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or 6.
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------------------
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Deployment Options
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------------------
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The swift services run completely autonomously, which provides for a lot of
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flexibility when architecting the hardware deployment for swift. The 4 main
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services are:
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#. Proxy Services
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#. Object Services
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#. Container Services
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#. Account Services
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The Proxy Services are more CPU and network I/O intensive. If you are using
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10g networking to the proxy, or are terminating SSL traffic at the proxy,
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greater CPU power will be required.
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The Object, Container, and Account Services (Storage Services) are more disk
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and network I/O intensive.
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The easiest deployment is to install all services on each server. There is
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nothing wrong with doing this, as it scales each service out horizontally.
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At Rackspace, we put the Proxy Services on their own servers and all of the
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Storage Services on the same server. This allows us to send 10g networking to
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the proxy and 1g to the storage servers, and keep load balancing to the
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proxies more manageable. Storage Services scale out horizontally as storage
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servers are added, and we can scale overall API throughput by adding more
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Proxies.
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If you need more throughput to either Account or Container Services, they may
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each be deployed to their own servers. For example you might use faster (but
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more expensive) SAS or even SSD drives to get faster disk I/O to the databases.
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Load balancing and network design is left as an exercise to the reader,
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but this is a very important part of the cluster, so time should be spent
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designing the network for a Swift cluster.
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.. _ring-preparing:
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------------------
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Preparing the Ring
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------------------
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The first step is to determine the number of partitions that will be in the
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ring. We recommend that there be a minimum of 100 partitions per drive to
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insure even distribution across the drives. A good starting point might be
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to figure out the maximum number of drives the cluster will contain, and then
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multiply by 100, and then round up to the nearest power of two.
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For example, imagine we are building a cluster that will have no more than
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5,000 drives. That would mean that we would have a total number of 500,000
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partitions, which is pretty close to 2^19, rounded up.
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It is also a good idea to keep the number of partitions small (relatively).
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The more partitions there are, the more work that has to be done by the
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replicators and other backend jobs and the more memory the rings consume in
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process. The goal is to find a good balance between small rings and maximum
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cluster size.
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The next step is to determine the number of replicas to store of the data.
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Currently it is recommended to use 3 (as this is the only value that has
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been tested). The higher the number, the more storage that is used but the
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less likely you are to lose data.
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It is also important to determine how many zones the cluster should have. It is
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recommended to start with a minimum of 5 zones. You can start with fewer, but
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our testing has shown that having at least five zones is optimal when failures
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occur. We also recommend trying to configure the zones at as high a level as
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possible to create as much isolation as possible. Some example things to take
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into consideration can include physical location, power availability, and
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network connectivity. For example, in a small cluster you might decide to
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split the zones up by cabinet, with each cabinet having its own power and
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network connectivity. The zone concept is very abstract, so feel free to use
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it in whatever way best isolates your data from failure. Zones are referenced
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by number, beginning with 1.
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You can now start building the ring with::
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swift-ring-builder <builder_file> create <part_power> <replicas> <min_part_hours>
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This will start the ring build process creating the <builder_file> with
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2^<part_power> partitions. <min_part_hours> is the time in hours before a
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specific partition can be moved in succession (24 is a good value for this).
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Devices can be added to the ring with::
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swift-ring-builder <builder_file> add z<zone>-<ip>:<port>/<device_name>_<meta> <weight>
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This will add a device to the ring where <builder_file> is the name of the
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builder file that was created previously, <zone> is the number of the zone
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this device is in, <ip> is the ip address of the server the device is in,
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<port> is the port number that the server is running on, <device_name> is
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the name of the device on the server (for example: sdb1), <meta> is a string
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of metadata for the device (optional), and <weight> is a float weight that
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determines how many partitions are put on the device relative to the rest of
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the devices in the cluster (a good starting point is 100.0 x TB on the drive).
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Add each device that will be initially in the cluster.
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Once all of the devices are added to the ring, run::
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swift-ring-builder <builder_file> rebalance
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This will distribute the partitions across the drives in the ring. It is
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important whenever making changes to the ring to make all the changes
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required before running rebalance. This will ensure that the ring stays as
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balanced as possible, and as few partitions are moved as possible.
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The above process should be done to make a ring for each storage service
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(Account, Container and Object). The builder files will be needed in future
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changes to the ring, so it is very important that these be kept and backed up.
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The resulting .tar.gz ring file should be pushed to all of the servers in the
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cluster. For more information about building rings, running
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swift-ring-builder with no options will display help text with available
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commands and options. More information on how the ring works internally
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can be found in the :doc:`Ring Overview <overview_ring>`.
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----------------------------
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General Server Configuration
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----------------------------
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Swift uses paste.deploy to manage server configurations. Default configuration
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options are set in the `[DEFAULT]` section, and any options specified there
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can be overridden in any of the other sections.
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---------------------------
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Object Server Configuration
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---------------------------
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An Example Object Server configuration can be found at
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etc/object-server.conf-sample in the source code repository.
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The following configuration options are available:
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[DEFAULT]
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================== ========== =============================================
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Option Default Description
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------------------ ---------- ---------------------------------------------
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swift_dir /etc/swift Swift configuration directory
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devices /srv/node Parent directory of where devices are mounted
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mount_check true Whether or not check if the devices are
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mounted to prevent accidentally writing
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to the root device
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bind_ip 0.0.0.0 IP Address for server to bind to
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bind_port 6000 Port for server to bind to
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workers 1 Number of workers to fork
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================== ========== =============================================
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[object-server]
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================== ============= ===========================================
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Option Default Description
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------------------ ------------- -------------------------------------------
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use paste.deploy entry point for the object
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server. For most cases, this should be
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`egg:swift#object`.
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log_name object-server Label used when logging
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log_facility LOG_LOCAL0 Syslog log facility
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log_level INFO Logging level
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log_requests True Whether or not to log each request
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user swift User to run as
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node_timeout 3 Request timeout to external services
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conn_timeout 0.5 Connection timeout to external services
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network_chunk_size 65536 Size of chunks to read/write over the
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network
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disk_chunk_size 65536 Size of chunks to read/write to disk
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max_upload_time 86400 Maximum time allowed to upload an object
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slow 0 If > 0, Minimum time in seconds for a PUT
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or DELETE request to complete
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================== ============= ===========================================
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[object-replicator]
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================== ================= =======================================
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Option Default Description
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------------------ ----------------- ---------------------------------------
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log_name object-replicator Label used when logging
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log_facility LOG_LOCAL0 Syslog log facility
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log_level INFO Logging level
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daemonize yes Whether or not to run replication as a
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daemon
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run_pause 30 Time in seconds to wait between
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replication passes
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concurrency 1 Number of replication workers to spawn
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timeout 5 Timeout value sent to rsync --timeout
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and --contimeout options
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stats_interval 3600 Interval in seconds between logging
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replication statistics
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reclaim_age 604800 Time elapsed in seconds before an
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object can be reclaimed
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================== ================= =======================================
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[object-updater]
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================== ============== ==========================================
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Option Default Description
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------------------ -------------- ------------------------------------------
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log_name object-updater Label used when logging
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log_facility LOG_LOCAL0 Syslog log facility
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log_level INFO Logging level
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interval 300 Minimum time for a pass to take
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concurrency 1 Number of updater workers to spawn
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node_timeout 10 Request timeout to external services
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conn_timeout 0.5 Connection timeout to external services
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slowdown 0.01 Time in seconds to wait between objects
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================== ============== ==========================================
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[object-auditor]
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================== ============== ==========================================
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Option Default Description
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------------------ -------------- ------------------------------------------
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log_name object-auditor Label used when logging
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log_facility LOG_LOCAL0 Syslog log facility
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log_level INFO Logging level
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interval 1800 Minimum time for a pass to take
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node_timeout 10 Request timeout to external services
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conn_timeout 0.5 Connection timeout to external services
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================== ============== ==========================================
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------------------------------
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Container Server Configuration
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------------------------------
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An example Container Server configuration can be found at
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etc/container-server.conf-sample in the source code repository.
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The following configuration options are available:
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[DEFAULT]
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================== ========== ============================================
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Option Default Description
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------------------ ---------- --------------------------------------------
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swift_dir /etc/swift Swift configuration directory
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devices /srv/node Parent directory of where devices are mounted
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mount_check true Whether or not check if the devices are
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mounted to prevent accidentally writing
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to the root device
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bind_ip 0.0.0.0 IP Address for server to bind to
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bind_port 6001 Port for server to bind to
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workers 1 Number of workers to fork
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user swift User to run as
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================== ========== ============================================
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[container-server]
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================== ================ ========================================
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Option Default Description
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------------------ ---------------- ----------------------------------------
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use paste.deploy entry point for the
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container server. For most cases, this
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should be `egg:swift#container`.
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log_name container-server Label used when logging
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log_facility LOG_LOCAL0 Syslog log facility
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log_level INFO Logging level
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node_timeout 3 Request timeout to external services
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conn_timeout 0.5 Connection timeout to external services
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================== ================ ========================================
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[container-replicator]
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================== ==================== ====================================
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Option Default Description
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------------------ -------------------- ------------------------------------
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log_name container-replicator Label used when logging
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log_facility LOG_LOCAL0 Syslog log facility
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log_level INFO Logging level
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per_diff 1000
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concurrency 8 Number of replication workers to
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spawn
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run_pause 30 Time in seconds to wait between
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replication passes
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node_timeout 10 Request timeout to external services
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conn_timeout 0.5 Connection timeout to external
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services
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reclaim_age 604800 Time elapsed in seconds before a
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container can be reclaimed
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================== ==================== ====================================
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[container-updater]
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================== ================= =======================================
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Option Default Description
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------------------ ----------------- ---------------------------------------
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log_name container-updater Label used when logging
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log_facility LOG_LOCAL0 Syslog log facility
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log_level INFO Logging level
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interval 300 Minimum time for a pass to take
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concurrency 4 Number of updater workers to spawn
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node_timeout 3 Request timeout to external services
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conn_timeout 0.5 Connection timeout to external services
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slowdown 0.01 Time in seconds to wait between
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containers
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================== ================= =======================================
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[container-auditor]
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================== ================= =======================================
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Option Default Description
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------------------ ----------------- ---------------------------------------
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log_name container-auditor Label used when logging
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log_facility LOG_LOCAL0 Syslog log facility
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log_level INFO Logging level
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interval 1800 Minimum time for a pass to take
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node_timeout 10 Request timeout to external services
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conn_timeout 0.5 Connection timeout to external services
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================== ================= =======================================
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----------------------------
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Account Server Configuration
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----------------------------
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An example Account Server configuration can be found at
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etc/account-server.conf-sample in the source code repository.
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The following configuration options are available:
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[DEFAULT]
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================== ========== =============================================
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Option Default Description
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------------------ ---------- ---------------------------------------------
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swift_dir /etc/swift Swift configuration directory
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devices /srv/node Parent directory or where devices are mounted
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mount_check true Whether or not check if the devices are
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mounted to prevent accidentally writing
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to the root device
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bind_ip 0.0.0.0 IP Address for server to bind to
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bind_port 6002 Port for server to bind to
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workers 1 Number of workers to fork
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user swift User to run as
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================== ========== =============================================
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[account-server]
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================== ============== ==========================================
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Option Default Description
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------------------ -------------- ------------------------------------------
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use Entry point for paste.deploy for the account
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server. For most cases, this should be
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`egg:swift#account`.
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log_name account-server Label used when logging
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log_facility LOG_LOCAL0 Syslog log facility
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log_level INFO Logging level
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================== ============== ==========================================
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[account-replicator]
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================== ================== ======================================
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Option Default Description
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------------------ ------------------ --------------------------------------
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log_name account-replicator Label used when logging
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log_facility LOG_LOCAL0 Syslog log facility
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log_level INFO Logging level
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per_diff 1000
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concurrency 8 Number of replication workers to spawn
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run_pause 30 Time in seconds to wait between
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replication passes
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node_timeout 10 Request timeout to external services
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conn_timeout 0.5 Connection timeout to external services
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reclaim_age 604800 Time elapsed in seconds before an
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account can be reclaimed
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================== ================== ======================================
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[account-auditor]
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==================== =============== =======================================
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Option Default Description
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-------------------- --------------- ---------------------------------------
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log_name account-auditor Label used when logging
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log_facility LOG_LOCAL0 Syslog log facility
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log_level INFO Logging level
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interval 1800 Minimum time for a pass to take
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max_container_count 100 Maximum containers randomly picked for
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a given account audit
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node_timeout 10 Request timeout to external services
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conn_timeout 0.5 Connection timeout to external services
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==================== =============== =======================================
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[account-reaper]
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================== =============== =========================================
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Option Default Description
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------------------ --------------- -----------------------------------------
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log_name account-auditor Label used when logging
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log_facility LOG_LOCAL0 Syslog log facility
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log_level INFO Logging level
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concurrency 25 Number of replication workers to spawn
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interval 3600 Minimum time for a pass to take
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node_timeout 10 Request timeout to external services
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conn_timeout 0.5 Connection timeout to external services
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================== =============== =========================================
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--------------------------
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Proxy Server Configuration
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--------------------------
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An example Proxy Server configuration can be found at
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etc/proxy-server.conf-sample in the source code repository.
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The following configuration options are available:
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[DEFAULT]
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============================ =============== =============================
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Option Default Description
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---------------------------- --------------- -----------------------------
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bind_ip 0.0.0.0 IP Address for server to
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bind to
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bind_port 80 Port for server to bind to
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swift_dir /etc/swift Swift configuration directory
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workers 1 Number of workers to fork
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user swift User to run as
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cert_file Path to the ssl .crt
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key_file Path to the ssl .key
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============================ =============== =============================
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[proxy-server]
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============================ =============== =============================
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Option Default Description
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---------------------------- --------------- -----------------------------
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use Entry point for paste.deploy for
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the proxy server. For most
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cases, this should be
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`egg:swift#proxy`.
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log_name proxy-server Label used when logging
|
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log_facility LOG_LOCAL0 Syslog log facility
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log_level INFO Log level
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log_headers True If True, log headers in each
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request
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recheck_account_existence 60 Cache timeout in seconds to
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send memcached for account
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existence
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recheck_container_existence 60 Cache timeout in seconds to
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send memcached for container
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existence
|
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object_chunk_size 65536 Chunk size to read from
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object servers
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client_chunk_size 65536 Chunk size to read from
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clients
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memcache_servers 127.0.0.1:11211 Comma separated list of
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memcached servers ip:port
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node_timeout 10 Request timeout to external
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services
|
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client_timeout 60 Timeout to read one chunk
|
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from a client
|
|
conn_timeout 0.5 Connection timeout to
|
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external services
|
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error_suppression_interval 60 Time in seconds that must
|
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elapse since the last error
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for a node to be considered
|
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no longer error limited
|
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error_suppression_limit 10 Error count to consider a
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node error limited
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rate_limit 20000.0 Max container level ops per
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second
|
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account_rate_limit 200.0 Max account level ops per
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second
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rate_limit_account_whitelist Comma separated list of
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account name hashes to not
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rate limit
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rate_limit_account_blacklist Comma separated list of
|
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account name hashes to block
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completely
|
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============================ =============== =============================
|
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[auth]
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|
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============ =================================== ========================
|
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Option Default Description
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------------ ----------------------------------- ------------------------
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use Entry point for paste.deploy
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to use for auth. To
|
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use the swift dev auth,
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set to:
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`egg:swift#auth`
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ip 127.0.0.1 IP address of auth
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server
|
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port 11000 Port of auth server
|
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ssl False If True, use SSL to
|
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connect to auth
|
|
node_timeout 10 Request timeout
|
|
============ =================================== ========================
|
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|
|
------------------------
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Memcached Considerations
|
|
------------------------
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|
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Several of the Services rely on Memcached for caching certain types of
|
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lookups, such as auth tokens, and container/account existence. Swift does
|
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not do any caching of actual object data. Memcached should be able to run
|
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on any servers that have available RAM and CPU. At Rackspace, we run
|
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Memcached on the proxy servers. The `memcache_servers` config option
|
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in the `proxy-server.conf` should contain all memcached servers.
|
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|
|
-----------
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System Time
|
|
-----------
|
|
|
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Time may be relative but it is relatively important for Swift! Swift uses
|
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timestamps to determine which is the most recent version of an object.
|
|
It is very important for the system time on each server in the cluster to
|
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by synced as closely as possible (more so for the proxy server, but in general
|
|
it is a good idea for all the servers). At Rackspace, we use NTP with a local
|
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NTP server to ensure that the system times are as close as possible. This
|
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should also be monitored to ensure that the times do not vary too much.
|
|
|
|
----------------------
|
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General Service Tuning
|
|
----------------------
|
|
|
|
Most services support either a worker or concurrency value in the settings.
|
|
This allows the services to make effective use of the cores available. A good
|
|
starting point to set the concurrency level for the proxy and storage services
|
|
to 2 times the number of cores available. If more than one service is
|
|
sharing a server, then some experimentation may be needed to find the best
|
|
balance.
|
|
|
|
At Rackspace, our Proxy servers have dual quad core processors, giving us 8
|
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cores. Our testing has shown 16 workers to be a pretty good balance when
|
|
saturating a 10g network and gives good CPU utilization.
|
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|
|
Our Storage servers all run together on the same servers. These servers have
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dual quad core processors, for 8 cores total. We run the Account, Container,
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and Object servers with 8 workers each. Most of the background jobs are run
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at a concurrency of 1, with the exception of the replicators which are run at
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a concurrency of 2.
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The above configuration setting should be taken as suggestions and testing
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of configuration settings should be done to ensure best utilization of CPU,
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network connectivity, and disk I/O.
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Filesystem Considerations
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-------------------------
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Swift is designed to be mostly filesystem agnostic--the only requirement
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being that the filesystem supports extended attributes (xattrs). After
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thorough testing with our use cases and hardware configurations, XFS was
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the best all-around choice. If you decide to use a filesystem other than
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XFS, we highly recommend thorough testing.
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If you are using XFS, some settings that can dramatically impact
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performance. We recommend the following when creating the XFS
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partition::
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mkfs.xfs -i size=1024 -f /dev/sda1
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Setting the inode size is important, as XFS stores xattr data in the inode.
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If the metadata is too large to fit in the inode, a new extent is created,
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which can cause quite a performance problem. Upping the inode size to 1024
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bytes provides enough room to write the default metadata, plus a little
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headroom. We do not recommend running Swift on RAID, but if you are using
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RAID it is also important to make sure that the proper sunit and swidth
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settings get set so that XFS can make most efficient use of the RAID array.
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We also recommend the following example mount options when using XFS::
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mount -t xfs -o noatime,nodiratime,nobarrier,logbufs=8 /dev/sda1 /srv/node/sda
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For a standard swift install, all data drives are mounted directly under
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/srv/node (as can be seen in the above example of mounting /def/sda1 as
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/srv/node/sda). If you choose to mount the drives in another directory,
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be sure to set the `devices` config option in all of the server configs to
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point to the correct directory.
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---------------------
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General System Tuning
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---------------------
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Rackspace currently runs Swift on Ubuntu Server 10.04, and the following
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changes have been found to be useful for our use cases.
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The following settings should be in `/etc/sysctl.conf`::
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# disable TIME_WAIT.. wait..
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net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle=1
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net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse=1
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# disable syn cookies
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net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 0
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# double amount of allowed conntrack
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net.ipv4.netfilter.ip_conntrack_max = 262144
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To load the updated sysctl settings, run ``sudo sysctl -p``
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A note about changing the TIME_WAIT values. By default the OS will hold
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a port open for 60 seconds to ensure that any remaining packets can be
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received. During high usage, and with the number of connections that are
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created, it is easy to run out of ports. We can change this since we are
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in control of the network. If you are not in control of the network, or
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do not expect high loads, then you may not want to adjust those values.
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----------------------
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Logging Considerations
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----------------------
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Swift is set up to log directly to syslog. Every service can be configured
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with the `log_facility` option to set the syslog log facility destination.
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We recommended using syslog-ng to route the logs to specific log
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files locally on the server and also to remote log collecting servers.
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